Hydrogenation Catalysts Comprising a Mixed Oxide and Processes for Producing Ethanol

ABSTRACT

A process is disclosed for producing ethanol, comprising contacting acetic acid and hydrogen in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and preferably tin, wherein the mixed oxide is present in an amount from 60 to 90 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to processes for hydrogenating acetic acid to form ethanol and to novel catalysts comprising a mixed oxide comprising cobalt for use in such processes and catalyst preparation thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ethanol for industrial use is conventionally produced from petrochemical feed stocks, such as oil, natural gas, or coal, from feed stock intermediates, such as syngas, or from starchy materials or cellulosic materials, such as corn or sugar cane. Conventional methods for producing ethanol from petrochemical feed stocks, as well as from cellulosic materials, include the acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene, methanol homologation, direct alcohol synthesis, and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Instability in petrochemical feed stock prices contributes to fluctuations in the cost of conventionally produced ethanol, making the need for alternative sources of ethanol production all the greater when feed stock prices rise. Starchy materials, as well as cellulosic material, are converted to ethanol by fermentation. However, fermentation is typically used for consumer production of ethanol, which is suitable for fuels or human consumption. In addition, fermentation of starchy or cellulosic materials competes with food sources and places restraints on the amount of ethanol that can be produced.

As an alternative to fermentation, ethanol may be produced by hydrogenating acetic acid and esters thereof. Ethanol production via the reduction of acetic acid generally uses a hydrogenation catalyst. The reduction of various carboxylic acids over metal oxides has been proposed.

EP0175558 describes the vapor phase formation of carboxylic acid alcohols and/or esters such as ethanol and ethyl acetate from the corresponding mono and di-functional carboxylic acid, such as acetic acid, in the presence of a copper oxide-metal oxide supported catalyst, such as CuO/ZnAl₂O₄. A disadvantage with copper oxide catalysts in carboxylic acid hydrogenation reactions is the lack of long-term catalyst stability.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,039 describes a process for the vapor phase hydrogenation of carboxylic acids to yield their corresponding alcohols in the presence of steam and a catalyst comprising the mixed oxides of ruthenium, at least one of cobalt, nickel, and optionally one of cadmium, zinc, copper, iron, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum. A process is further provided for the preparation of carboxylic acid esters from carboxylic acids in the absence of steam utilizing the above-identified catalysts.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,517,391 describes preparing ethanol by hydrogenating acetic acid under superatmospheric pressure and at elevated temperatures by a process wherein a predominantly cobalt-containing catalyst is used and acetic acid and hydrogen are passed through the reactor, at from 210 to 330° C., and under 10 to 350 bar, under conditions such that a liquid phase is not formed during the process. The cobalt-containing catalyst contains, as active components, from 50 to 80% by weight of Co, from 10 to 30% by weight of Cu, from 0 to 10% by weight of Mn, from 0 to 5% by weight of Mo and from 0 to 5% by weight of phosphoric acid, the percentages being based on the metal content.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,248 describes producing an alcohol by catalytically reducing an organic carboxylic acid ester with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst obtained by reducing a catalyst precursor comprising (A) copper oxide and (B) titanium oxide and/or titanium hydroxide at a weight ratio of (A) to (B) in the range between 15/85 and 65/35. The component (A) may alternatively be a composite metal oxide comprising copper oxide and up to 20 wt. % of zinc oxide.

Other hydrogenation catalysts that are not metal oxides have also been proposed. These catalysts typically include a precious metal. U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,744 describes a process for the selective production of ethanol by vapor phase reaction of acetic acid at a temperature of about 250° C. over a hydrogenating catalyst composition either cobalt and palladium supported on graphite or cobalt and platinum supported on silica selectively produces ethanol. U.S. Pat. No. 7,863,489 describes a process for the selective production of ethanol by vapor phase reaction of acetic acid over a platinum and tin supported on silica, graphite, calcium silicate or silica-alumina hydrogenation catalyst and in a vapor phase at a temperature of about 250° C. U.S. Pat. No. 6,495,730 describes a process for hydrogenating carboxylic acid using a catalyst comprising activated carbon to support active metal species comprising ruthenium and tin. U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,417 describes another process for preparing aliphatic alcohols by hydrogenating aliphatic carboxylic acids or anhydrides or esters thereof or lactones in the presence of a catalyst comprising platinum and rhenium. U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,680 describes catalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acids and their anhydrides to alcohols and/or esters in the presence of a catalyst containing a Group VIII metal, such as palladium, a metal capable of alloying with the Group VIII metal, and at least one of the metals rhenium, tungsten or molybdenum. U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,303 describes the production of alcohols by the hydrogenation of carboxylic acids in the presence of a catalyst that comprises a first component which is either molybdenum or tungsten and a second component which is a noble metal of Group VIII on a high surface area graphitized carbon. U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,791 describes another production process of alcohols by the hydrogenation of carboxylic acids in the presence of a catalyst comprising a noble metal of Group VIII and rhenium.

The development of an efficient precious-metal-free catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol has so far remained elusive. Thus, further improvements to hydrogenation catalysts that demonstrate high stability, conversion of acetic acid and selectivity to ethanol are needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing ethanol, comprising contacting acetic acid and hydrogen in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin, wherein the mixed oxide is present in an amount from 60 to 90 wt. %, e.g., from 70 to 85 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst. The mixed oxide loading is determined prior to reducing any of the metals of the mixed oxide. In one embodiment, the mixed oxide is cobalt(II)-stannate. The total cobalt loading of the catalyst may be from 25 to 45 wt. %, e.g., from 30 to 40 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst. The total tin loading of the catalyst may be from 40 to 65 wt. %, e.g., from 40 to 55 wt %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst. The catalyst may have a molar ratio of cobalt to tin from 2:1 to 0.75:1. In one embodiment, the mixed oxide may further comprise nickel, and the total nickel loading of the catalyst may be from 2 to 40 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst. For purposes of the present invention, the catalyst is substantially free of precious metals selected from the group consisting of rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and combinations thereof. In addition, in some embodiments, the catalyst may also be substantially free of metals selected from the group consisting of zinc, zirconium, cadmium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and combinations thereof. The binder is selected from the group consisting of silica, aluminum oxide, and titania. The binder loading may be from 5 to 40 wt. %, e.g., 10 to 20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst.

The contacting of the catalyst comprising the mixed oxide with acetic acid may be performed in a vapor phase at a temperature of 200° C. to 350° C., an absolute pressure of 101 kPa to 3000 kPa, and a hydrogen to acetic acid mole ratio of greater than 4:1. In one embodiment, the catalyst comprising the mixed oxide may be contacted with a mixed stream comprising from 50 to 95 wt. % acetic acid and from 5 to 50 wt. % ethyl acetate.

In a second embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing ethanol comprising contacting acetic acid and hydrogen in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst having a binder and a mixed oxide of the formula:

Co_(1+x)SnO_(y)

wherein x is from 0 to 0.5, and y is equal to or less than 3+2x, provided that y is greater than 1. The mixed oxide may be present in an amount from 60 to 90 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst. In addition, preferably the catalyst is substantially free of precious metals, such as rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and combinations thereof.

In a third embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing ethanol comprising contacting acetic acid and hydrogen in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin, wherein the catalyst is substantially free of rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum, including combinations thereof. The mixed oxide may be present in an amount from 60 to 90 wt. %, e.g., from 70 to 85 wt %, based on the total weight of the catalyst.

In a fourth embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing ethanol comprising contacting acetic acid and hydrogen in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder, and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt, wherein the total cobalt loading of the catalyst is from 25 to 45 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst. The mixed oxide may also further comprise tin and/or nickel. In addition, preferably the catalyst is substantially free of precious metals selected from the group consisting of rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and combinations thereof.

In a fifth embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin, wherein the mixed oxide is present in an amount from 60 to 90 wt. %, e.g., from 70 to 85 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst. Preferably the catalyst is substantially free of precious metals such as rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and combinations thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to processes for producing ethanol by hydrogenating acetic acid in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt. A mixed oxide refers to an oxide having cations of more than one chemical element. For purposes of the present invention, mixed oxides include the reduced metals of the mixed oxide. In one embodiment of the present invention, the catalyst may comprise a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin. In another embodiment, the catalyst may comprise a mixed oxide comprising cobalt, tin, and nickel. The catalyst may also comprise a binder, such as an inert material such as silica, aluminum oxide, and/or titania.

As stated above, conventional hydrogenation catalysts typically comprise precious metals that increase the costs associated with those catalysts. To reduce the cost of the catalyst, the catalyst of the present invention is preferably substantially free of precious metals, but still demonstrates a high stability with high conversion of acetic acid and selectivity to ethanol. In other words, the catalyst, including the binder, the mixed oxide and any other components included therein, is substantially free of precious metals. “Substantially free” means that the catalyst does not contain precious metals beyond trace amounts of less than 0.0001 wt. %. For purposes of the present invention, precious metals include rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or platinum. Although precious metals have been widely used in hydrogenation catalysts, precious metals are typically more expensive than cobalt, tin, or nickel, even in low loadings. To avoid introducing precious metals into the catalysts of the present invention, it is preferred than no precursors containing precious metals are used during the catalyst preparation.

Even without the presence of precious metals, the catalysts comprising a mixed oxide of cobalt and tin demonstrate an advantageous conversion of acetic acid to ethanol at high selectivities with low ethyl acetate formation and other by-product formation, in particular diethyl ether. Low byproduct formation reduces the separation requirements to obtain ethanol. This allows the catalysts of the present invention to be used in several processes for producing ethanol.

In one embodiment, the catalyst may comprise a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin, wherein the mixed oxide is present in an amount from 60 to 90 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst. Unless otherwise stated, all ranges disclosed herein include both endpoints and all numbers between the endpoints. This amount is determined prior to reducing any of the metals of the mixed oxide. More preferably, the mixed oxide may be present in an amount from 70 to 85 wt %, based on the total weight of the catalyst. The catalysts of the present invention have a relatively high loading of active metals, e.g., combined total loading of Co, Sn and/or Ni, such as at least 40 wt. % active metals, based on the total weight of the catalyst, e.g., at least 45 wt. % or at least 50 wt. %. The total loading of the individual metals of the mixed oxides may be less than the combined total loading of active metals. The total cobalt loading of the catalyst may be from 25 to 45 wt. %, e.g., from 30 to 40 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst. The total tin loading of the catalyst may be from 40 to 65 wt. %, e.g., from 40 to 55 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst. Lower loadings of cobalt and tin of less than 20 wt. % are to be avoided since this decreases the conversion of acetic acid and/or selectivity to ethanol.

The catalysts of the present invention have been found to be effective when the mixed oxide has a molar ratio of cobalt to tin that is from 2:1 to 0.75:1, e.g., from 1.5:1 to 1:1 or 1.4:1 to 1.1:1. A molar excess of cobalt may improve the selectivity to ethanol in the catalyst. In one embodiment, the mixed oxide may have the formula:

Co_(1+x)SnO_(y)

wherein x is from 0 to 0.5, e.g., from 0.1 to 0.4 or from 0.1 to 0.25, and y is may equal to or less than 3+2x. In one embodiment, y is equal to 3+2x. Preferably y is greater than 1.

Without being bound by theory, cobalt and tin may be predominately present on the catalyst as a mixed oxide, such as cobalt(II)-stannate. However, the catalyst may contain some discrete regions of cobalt oxide and tin oxide. In addition, metallic cobalt or tin, i.e. as reduced metals, may also be present on the catalyst. The mixed oxide, and the catalyst itself, is preferable anhydrous.

The binder of the catalyst may be an inert material which is used to enhance the crush strength of the final catalyst. The binder is preferably stable under the hydrogenation conditions. Suitable inert materials comprise silica, aluminum oxide, and titania. The binder may be present in an amount from 5 to 40 wt. %, e.g. from 10 to 30 wt. % or from 10 to 20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst. Thus, in one embodiment, the catalyst may comprise a silica binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and preferably tin, which is substantially free of precious metals.

In one embodiment, in addition to cobalt and preferably tin, the mixed oxide may further comprise nickel. The total nickel loading of the catalyst may be from 0.5 to 40 wt. %, e.g., 1 to 20 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst. Without being bound by theory, nickel may improve the activity of the catalysts to convert acetic acid. In addition, nickel may be useful for converting other oxygenates in the feed, such as ethyl acetate. The other oxygenates may also be formed in the reactor as by-products.

In some embodiments, the mixed oxide may comprise other promoter metals that are not precious metals. These non-precious promoter metals may be present in minor amounts from 0 to 5 wt. %. e.g., from 0.1 to 5 wt. %. The non-precious promoter metals may include titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, tungsten, or cadmium. In other embodiments, the mixed oxide may be substantially free of non-precious promoter metals, such as, zinc, zirconium, cadmium, copper, manganese, or molybdenum, including combinations thereof. When the mixed oxide is substantially free of these non-precious promoter metals, it is preferred that the binder and thus the catalyst itself are also substantially free of these non-precious promoter metals.

The surface area of the catalyst comprising a mixed oxide comprising cobalt may be from 100 to 250 m²/g, e.g., from 150 to 180 m²/g. Pore volumes are between 0.18 and 0.35 mL/g, with average pore diameters from 6 to 8 nm. The morphology of the catalyst may be pellets, extrudates, spheres, spray dried microspheres, rings, pentarings, trilobes, quadrilobes, multi-lobal shapes, or flakes. The shape of the catalyst may be determined by hydrogen process conditions to provide a shape that can withstand pressure drops in the reactor.

The catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide of the present invention has an on-stream stability for at least 200 hours at constant reaction conditions. Stability refers to a catalyst that has a change of less than 2% in conversion and less than 2% selectivity to ethanol, after initial break-in. In addition, stability refers to a catalyst that does not demonstrate any increase in by-product formation while on-stream. This greatly improves the industrial usefulness of a catalyst for continuous production. Also, this reduces the need to change the catalyst and reduces reactor down time for continuous processes.

The catalyst comprising a mixed oxide of the present invention may be made by the following method. Other suitable methods may also be used in conjunction with the present invention. In one embodiment, two solutions containing a metal precursor are prepared. Suitable metal precursors may include metal halides, metal halide hydrates, metal acetates, metal hydroxyls, metal oxalates, metal nitrates, metal alkoxides, metal sulfates, metal carboxylates and metal carbonates. The precursor preferably does not comprise any precious metals selected from the group consisting of rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and combinations thereof.

For purposes of the present invention, there is at least one precursor comprising cobalt and preferably at least one precursor comprising tin. The precursors may be prepared in the same solution or in different solutions. Each solution may be an aqueous solution and hence may comprise water. In some embodiments, when the mixed oxide comprises a molar excess of cobalt, at least one of the solutions may comprise an alkali hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide. The solutions are combined and a binder, preferably in solid form, is added thereto while mixing. When a halide precursor is used, the mixture may be filtered and washed to remove halide anions. The mixed solution may be aged for a sufficient period of time at a temperature from 5° C. to 60° C., e.g., from 15° C. to 40° C. To obtain an anhydrous catalyst, the mixture may be dried at a temperature from 50° C. to 150° C., e.g. from 75° C. to 125° C., for 1 to 24 hours. Next, the material may be calcined in air at a temperature from 300° C. to 700° C., e.g., from 400° C. to 600° C., for 0.5 to 12 hours.

When additional metals, such as nickel or another promoter metal disclosed herein, are included in the catalyst, a metal precursor thereto may be added to either the cobalt precursor solution or the tin precursor solution. In some embodiments, a separate solution may be prepared and combined once the cobalt precursor solution and the tin precursor solution are combined.

In one embodiment, the present invention comprises a method of making a catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and preferably tin, the method comprising preparing a first solution comprising water and a cobalt precursor, wherein the cobalt precursor is selected from the group consisting of cobalt halides, cobalt halide hydrates, cobalt acetates, cobalt hydroxyls, cobalt oxalates, cobalt nitrates, cobalt alkoxides, cobalt sulfates, cobalt carboxylates and cobalt carbonates, and preparing a second solution comprising water, sodium hydroxide, and a tin precursor, wherein the tin precursor is selected from the group consisting of tin halides, tin halide hydrates, tin acetates, tin hydroxyls, tin oxide dispersion (such as ammonia, amine dispersed dispersion or hydrated dispersion), tin oxalates, tin nitrates, tin alkoxides, tin sulfates, tin carboxylates and tin carbonates. The second solution is added to the first solution and then silica gel is added, in solid form, to the mixture with stirring. The mixture may be dried and calcined to form a catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin of the present invention.

The hydrogenation reaction of a carboxylic acid, acetic acid in this example, may be represented as follows:

HOAc+2H₂→EtOH+H₂O

It has surprisingly and unexpectedly been discovered that the catalysts of the present invention provide high conversion of acetic acid and high selectivities to ethanol, when employed in the hydrogenation of carboxylic acids such as acetic acid. Embodiments of the present invention beneficially may be used in industrial applications to produce ethanol on an economically feasible scale.

The feed stream to the hydrogenation process preferably comprises acetic acid. In some embodiments, pure acetic acid may be used as the feed. In other embodiments, the feed stream may contain some other oxygenates, such as ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, or diethyl acetal, or higher acids, such as propanoic acid or butanoic acid. Minor amounts of ethanol may also be present in the feed stream. In one embodiment, the feed stream may comprise from 50 to 95 wt. % acetic acid, and from 5 to 50 wt. % oxygenates. More preferably, the feed stream may comprise from 60 to 95 wt acetic acid and from 5 to 40 wt. % ethyl acetate. The other oxygenates may originate from recycle streams that are fed to the hydrogenation reactor. In other embodiments, the feed stream may comprise from 0 to 15 wt. % water, e.g., from 0.1 to 10 wt. % water. An exemplary feed stream, e.g., a mixed feed stream, may comprise from 50 to 95 wt. % acetic acid, from 5 to 50 wt. % ethyl acetate, from 0.01 to 10 wt. % acetaldehyde, from 0.01 to 10 wt. % ethanol, and from 0.01 to 10 wt. % diethyl acetal.

The process of hydrogenating acetic acid to form ethanol according to one embodiment of the invention may be conducted in a variety of configurations using a fixed bed reactor or a fluidized bed reactor as one of skill in the art will readily appreciate. In many embodiments of the present invention, an “adiabatic” reactor can be used; that is, there is little or no need for internal plumbing through the reaction zone to add or remove heat. Alternatively, a shell and tube reactor provided with a heat transfer medium can be used. In many cases, the reaction zone may be housed in a single vessel or in a series of vessels with heat exchangers therebetween. It is considered significant that acetic acid reduction processes using the catalysts of the present invention may be carried out in adiabatic reactors as this reactor configuration is typically far less capital intensive than tube and shell configurations.

Typically, the catalyst is employed in a fixed bed reactor, e.g., in the shape of an elongated pipe or tube where the reactants, typically in the vapor form, are passed over or through the catalyst. Other reactors, such as fluid or ebullient bed reactors, can be employed, if desired. In some instances, the hydrogenation catalysts may be used in conjunction with an inert material to regulate the pressure drop of the reactant stream through the catalyst bed and the contact time of the reactant compounds with the catalyst particles.

The hydrogenation reaction may be carried out in either the liquid phase or vapor phase. Preferably the reaction is carried out in the vapor phase under the following conditions. The reaction temperature may range from 200° C. to 350° C., e.g., from 200° C. to 325° C., from 225° C. to 300° C., or from 250° C. to 300° C. The pressure may range from 101 kPa to 3000 kPa (about 1 to 30 atmospheres), e.g., from 101 kPa to 2700 kPa, or from 101 kPa to 2300 kPa. The reactants may be fed to the reactor at a gas hourly space velocities (GHSV) of greater than 500 hr⁻¹, e.g., greater than 1000 hr⁻¹, greater than 2500 hr⁻¹ and even greater than 5000 hr⁻¹. In terms of ranges the GHSV may range from 50 hr⁻¹ to 50,000 hr⁻¹, e.g., from 500 hr⁻¹ to 30,000 hr⁻¹, from 1000 hr⁻¹ to 10,000 hr⁻¹, or from 1000 hr⁻¹ to 8000 hr⁻¹.

In another aspect of the process of this invention, the hydrogenation is carried out at a pressure just sufficient to overcome the pressure drop across the catalytic bed at the GHSV selected, although there is no bar to the use of higher pressures, it being understood that considerable pressure drop through the reactor bed may be experienced at high space velocities, e.g., 5000 hr⁻¹ or 8000 hr⁻¹.

Although the reaction consumes two moles of hydrogen per mole of acetic acid to produce one mole of ethanol, the actual molar ratio of hydrogen to acetic acid in the feed stream may vary from 100:1 to 1:100, e.g., from 50:1 to 1:50, from 20:1 to 1:2, or from 12:1 to 1:1. Most preferably, the molar ratio of hydrogen to acetic acid is equal to or greater than 4:1, e.g., greater than 5:1 or greater than 8:1.

Contact or residence time can also vary widely, depending upon such variables as amount of acetic acid, catalyst, reactor, temperature and pressure. Typical contact times range from a fraction of a second to more than several hours when a catalyst system other than a fixed bed is used, with preferred contact times, at least for vapor phase reactions, from 0.1 to 100 seconds, e.g., from 0.3 to 80 seconds or from 0.4 to 40 seconds.

The acetic acid may be vaporized at the reaction temperature, and then the vaporized acetic acid can be fed along with hydrogen in undiluted state or diluted with a relatively inert carrier gas, such as nitrogen, argon, helium, carbon dioxide and the like. For reactions run in the vapor phase, the temperature should be controlled in the system such that it does not fall below the dew point of acetic acid.

In particular, using catalysts and processes of the present invention may achieve favorable conversion of acetic acid and favorable selectivity and productivity to ethanol. For purposes of the present invention, the term conversion refers to the amount of acetic acid in the feed that is converted to a compound other than acetic acid. Conversion is expressed as a mole percentage based on acetic acid in the feed.

The conversion of acetic acid (AcOH) is calculated from gas chromatography (GC) data using the following equation:

${{AcOH}\mspace{14mu} {{Conv}.\mspace{11mu} (\%)}} = {100*\frac{{{mmol}\mspace{14mu} {AcOH}\mspace{14mu} \left( {{feed}\mspace{14mu} {stream}} \right)} - {{mmol}\mspace{14mu} {AcOH}\mspace{14mu} ({product})}}{{mmol}\mspace{14mu} {AcOH}\mspace{14mu} \left( {{feed}\mspace{14mu} {stream}} \right)}}$

For purposes of the present invention, the conversion may be at least 70%, e.g., at least 80% or at least 90%. Although catalysts that have high conversions are desirable, such as at least 90%, a lower conversion may be acceptable at high selectivity for ethanol. Advantageously, the catalysts of the present invention can achieve these high conversions without precious metals, such as rhenium, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, and iridium.

To achieve a desirable catalyst performance, it is valuable to maintain the conversion for a long period of time under reaction condition, i.e. when exposed to hydrogen and acetic acid. In one embodiment, the conversion of the catalyst is stable, i.e. does not vary by more than 2%, for a period of at least 200 total hours on stream (TOS), e.g., at least 500 TOS.

“Selectivity” is expressed as a mole percent based on converted acetic acid. It should be understood that each compound converted from acetic acid has an independent selectivity and that selectivity is independent from conversion. For example, if 50 mole % of the converted acetic acid is converted to ethanol, we refer to the ethanol selectivity as 50%. Selectivity to ethanol (EtOH) is calculated from GC data using the following equation:

${{EtOH}\mspace{14mu} {{Sel}.\mspace{11mu} (\%)}} = {100*\frac{{mmol}\mspace{14mu} {EtOH}\mspace{14mu} ({product})}{\left( {{mmol}\mspace{14mu} {Converted\_ AcOH}} \right) + {2*\left( {{mmol}\mspace{14mu} {Converted\_ EtAc}} \right)}}}$

This equation is used when ethyl acetate is present in the feed stream and there is conversion on ethyl acetate. If pure acid is used as feed, the equation can be simplified to the following equation:

${{EtOH}\mspace{14mu} {{Sel}.\mspace{11mu} (\%)}} = {100*\frac{{mmol}\mspace{14mu} {EtOH}\mspace{14mu} ({product})}{{{mmol}\mspace{14mu} {AcOH}\mspace{14mu} \left( {{feed}\mspace{14mu} {stream}} \right)} - {{mmol}\mspace{14mu} {AcOH}\mspace{14mu} ({product})}}}$

For purposes of the present invention, the selectivity to ethanol of the catalyst is at least 50%, e.g., at least 70% or at least 85%. Advantageously, the catalysts of the present invention can achieve this high selectivity to ethanol without precious metals. In addition to high selectivities for ethanol, the catalyst of the present invention favors selectivity to oxygenates that can be readily converted to ethanol, such as acetaldehyde or diethyl acetate, over other oxygenates such as ethyl acetate. Acetaldehyde is believed to be an intermediate when acetic acid is converted to ethanol. Diethyl acetate may be readily hydrolyzed to ethanol, which may occur in the hydrogenation reactor or during separation. In one embodiment, the selectivity to acetaldehyde and/or diethyl acetate is greater than the selectivity to ethyl acetate. The selectivity to acetaldehyde and/or diethyl acetate may be from 0 to 40%, e.g., from 0.5 to 20% or from 1 to 10%. Although during startup or catalyst aging period there may be a net make of ethyl acetate, preferably the selectivity to ethyl acetate may be less than 10%. At higher conversions of acetic acid, the selectivity to acetaldehyde and diethyl acetal may decrease as more of these compounds are converted to ethanol. In addition, the selectivity to diethyl ether should be low, less than 5%, e.g. less than 3% or less than 1%.

In one embodiment of the present invention, it is also desirable to have low selectivity to undesirable products, such as methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide. The selectivity to these undesirable products is less than 5%, e.g., less than 3% or less than 1.5%. Preferably, no detectable amounts of these undesirable products are formed during hydrogenation. In several embodiments of the present invention, formation of alkanes is low, usually under 2%, often under 1%, and in many cases under 0.5% of the acetic acid passed over the catalyst is converted to alkanes, which have little value other than as fuel.

Productivity refers to the grams of a specified product, e.g., ethanol, formed during the hydrogenation based on the kilogram of catalyst used per hour. In one embodiment of the present invention, a productivity of at least 200 grams of ethanol per kilogram catalyst per hour, e.g., at least 400 grams of ethanol or least 600 grams of ethanol, is preferred. In terms of ranges, the productivity preferably is from 200 to 4,000 grams of ethanol per kilogram catalyst per hour, e.g., from 400 to 3,500 or from 600 to 3,000.

In another embodiment, the invention is to a crude ethanol product formed by processes of the present invention. The crude ethanol product produced by the hydrogenation process of the present invention, before any subsequent processing, such as purification and separation, typically will comprise primarily unreacted acetic acid and ethanol. In some exemplary embodiments, the crude ethanol product comprises ethanol in an amount from 25 to 70 wt. %, e.g., from 30 wt. % to 60 wt. %, or from 40 wt. % to 55 wt. %, based on the total weight of the crude ethanol product. The crude ethanol product typically will further comprise unreacted acetic acid, depending on conversion, and water as shown in Table 1. The amount of ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, and diethyl acetal may vary. The others may include alkanes, ethers, other acids and esters, other alcohols, etc. The alcohols may be n-propanol and iso-propanol. Exemplary crude ethanol compositional ranges, excluding hydrogen and other non-condensable gases, in various embodiments of the invention are provided below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 CRUDE ETHANOL PRODUCT COMPOSITIONS Conc. Conc. Conc. Component (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) Ethanol 25 to 70  30 to 60 40 to 55 Acetic Acid  0 to 30   5 to 25 10 to 20 Ethyl Acetate  0 to 20 0.1 to 15  1 to 10 Acetaldehyde  0 to 20 0.5 to 10  1 to 5 Diethyl Acetal  0 to 35 0.5 to 20  1 to 15 Water  5 to 35   5 to 30  5 to 25 Other  0 to 10   0 to 5  0 to 1

An ethanol product may be recovered from the crude ethanol product produced by the reactor using the catalyst of the present invention using several different techniques, such as distillation columns, adsorption units, membranes, or molecular sieves. For example, multiple columns may be used to remove impurities and concentration ethanol to an industrial grade ethanol or an anhydrous ethanol suitable for fuel applications. Exemplary separation and recovery processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,309,773; 8,304,586; and 8,304,587; and U.S. Pub. Nos. 2012/0010438; 2012/0277490; and 2012/0277497, the entire contents and disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

In one embodiment, the process, including separation, may comprise hydrogenating an acetic acid feed stream in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder and mixed oxide comprising cobalt and preferably tin to form a crude ethanol product, separating at least a portion of the crude ethanol product in a first column into a first distillate comprising ethanol, water and ethyl acetate, and a first residue comprising acetic acid, separating at least a portion of the first distillate in a second column into a second distillate comprising ethyl acetate and a second residue comprising ethanol and water, wherein the second column is an extractive distillation column, feeding an extraction agent to the second column, and separating at least a portion of the second residue in a third column into a third distillate comprising ethanol and a third residue comprising water. Water from the third residue may be used as the extraction agent. Also, a fourth column may be used to separate acetaldehyde from the second distillate.

In another embodiment, the process, including separation, may comprising hydrogenating acetic acid and/or an ester thereof in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder and mixed oxide comprising cobalt and preferably tin to form a crude ethanol product, separating a portion of the crude ethanol product in a first distillation column to yield a first distillate comprising acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate, and a first residue comprising ethanol, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and water, separating a portion of the first residue in a second distillation column to yield a second residue comprising acetic acid and an vapor overhead comprising ethanol, ethyl acetate and water, removing water, using a membrane or pressure swing absorption, from at least a portion of the vapor overhead to yield an ethanol mixture stream having a lower water content than the at least a portion of the vapor overhead, and separating at least a portion of the ethanol mixture stream in a third distillation column to yield a third distillate comprising ethyl acetate and a third residue comprising ethanol and less than 8 wt. % water.

The raw materials used in connection with the process of this invention may be derived from any suitable source including natural gas, petroleum, coal, biomass and so forth. It is well known to produce acetic acid through methanol carbonylation, acetaldehyde oxidation, ethane oxidation, oxidative fermentation, and anaerobic fermentation. As petroleum and natural gas prices fluctuate becoming either more or less expensive, methods for producing acetic acid and intermediates such as methanol and carbon monoxide from alternate carbon sources have drawn increasing interest. In particular, when petroleum is relatively expensive compared to natural gas, it may become advantageous to produce acetic acid from synthesis gas (“syngas”) that is derived from any available carbon source. U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,352 the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, for example, teaches a method of retrofitting a methanol plant for the manufacture of acetic acid. By retrofitting a methanol plant, the large capital costs associated with CO generation for a new acetic acid plant are significantly reduced or largely eliminated. All or part of the syngas is diverted from the methanol synthesis loop and supplied to a separator unit to recover CO and hydrogen, which are then used to produce acetic acid. In addition to acetic acid, the process can also be used to make hydrogen which may be utilized in connection with this invention.

U.S. Pat. No. RE 35,377, also incorporated herein by reference, provides a method for the production of methanol by conversion of carbonaceous materials such as oil, coal, natural gas and biomass materials. The process includes hydrogasification of solid and/or liquid carbonaceous materials to obtain a process gas which is steam pyrolized with additional natural gas to form synthesis gas. The syngas is converted to methanol which may be carbonylated to acetic acid. The method likewise produces hydrogen which may be used in connection with this invention as noted above. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,111, which discloses a process for converting waste biomass through gasification into synthesis gas as well as U.S. Pat. No. 6,685,754, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Alternatively, acetic acid in vapor form may be taken directly as crude product from the flash vessel of a methanol carbonylation unit of the class described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,078, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. The crude vapor product, for example, may be fed directly to the ethanol synthesis reaction zones of the present invention without the need for condensing the acetic acid and light ends or removing water, saving overall processing costs.

In one embodiment, the process may comprise a process for the formation of ethanol comprising, converting a carbon source into acetic acid, and contacting a feed stream containing the acetic acid and hydrogen with a catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and preferably tin of the present invention. In another embodiment, the process may comprise a process for the formation of ethanol comprising converting a carbon source, such as biomass, into a first stream comprising syngas, catalytically converting at least some of the syngas into a second stream comprising methanol, separating some of the syngas into hydrogen and carbon monoxide, catalytically converting at least some of the methanol with some of the carbon monoxide into a third stream comprising acetic acid; and reducing at least some of the acetic acid with some of the hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and preferably tin of the present invention into a fourth stream comprising ethanol.

Ethanol, obtained from hydrogenation processes of the present invention, may be used in its own right as a fuel or subsequently converted to ethylene which is an important commodity feedstock as it can be converted to polyethylene, vinyl acetate and/or ethyl acetate or any of a wide variety of other chemical products. Any known dehydration catalyst, such as zeolite catalysts or phosphotungstic acid catalysts, can be employed to dehydrate ethanol to ethylene, as described in copending U.S. Pub. Nos. 2010/0030002 and 2010/0030001 and WO2010146332, the entire contents and disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Ethanol may also be used as a fuel, in pharmaceutical products, cleansers, sanitizers, hydrogenation transport or consumption. Ethanol may also be used as a source material for making ethyl acetate, aldehydes, and higher alcohols, especially butanol. In addition, any ester, such as ethyl acetate, formed during the process of making ethanol according to the present invention may be further reacted with an acid catalyst to form additional ethanol as well as acetic acid, which may be recycled to the hydrogenation process.

The catalysts of the present invention may be used with one or more other hydrogenation catalysts in a stacked bed reactor or in a multiple reactor configuration. A stacked bed reactor is particular useful when one catalyst is suitable for high selectivity to ethanol at low conversions. The catalyst comprising the mixed oxide of the present invention may be used in combination with another hydrogenation catalyst to increase the acetic acid conversion and thus improve the overall yield to ethanol. In other embodiment, the catalyst comprising the mixed oxide of the present invention may be used to convert unreacted acetic acid in a recycle stream.

In one embodiment, the catalyst comprising the mixed oxide of the present invention may be used in the second reactor bed of a stacked bed configuration. The first reactor bed may comprise a different hydrogenation catalyst. Suitable hydrogenation catalysts are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,608,744; 7,863,489; 8,080,694; 8,309,772; 8,338,650; 8,350,886; 8,471,075; 8,501,652 and US Pub. Nos. 2013/0178661; 2013/0178663; 2013/0178664; the entire contents and disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In general, the different hydrogenation catalyst in the first bed may comprise a Group VIII metal and at least one promoter metal on a supported catalyst. Suitable Group VIII metals may include rhodium, rhenium, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, osmium, and iridium. Suitable promoter metals may include copper, iron, cobalt, vanadium, nickel, titanium, zinc, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, lanthanum, cerium, and manganese. Combinations of Pt/Sn, Pt/Co, Pd/Sn, Pt/Co, and Pd/Co may be preferred for the different catalyst. The metal loadings may be from 0.1 to 20 wt %, e.g., from 0.5 to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst. The support may be any suitable support such as silica, alumina, titania, silica/alumina, pyrogenic silica, silica gel, high purity silica, zirconia, carbon (e.g., carbon black or activated carbon) zeolites and mixtures thereof. The supported catalyst may comprise a modified support that changes the acidity or basicity of the support. The support modified may be present in an amount from 0.5 to 30 wt. %, e.g., from 1 to 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst. Acidic modifiers may include tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, or oxides thereof. Suitable basic modifiers may include magnesium or calcium, such as calcium metasilicate.

The first bed may operate under similar hydrogenation conditions as the mixed oxide catalyst of the present invention. The reaction temperature of the first bed may range from 200° C. to 350° C., e.g., from 250° C. to 300° C. The pressure may range from 101 kPa to 3000 kPa, e.g., from 101 kPa to 2300 kPa. The reactants may be fed to the reactor at a gas hourly space velocities (GHSV) of greater than 500 hr⁻¹, e.g., greater than 1000 hr⁻¹. In one embodiment, fresh hydrogen may be fed to the first bed and the unreacted hydrogen from the first bed is passed along to the second bed with the reaction effluent. In other embodiments, each bed may receive a fresh hydrogen feed.

Exemplary catalysts for the first reactor bed may comprise one or more the following catalysts. One exemplary catalyst comprises 0.1 to 3 wt. % platinum and 0.5 to 10 wt. % tin on a silica support having from 5 to 20 wt. % calcium metasilicate. Another exemplary catalyst comprises 0.1 to 3 wt. % platinum and 0.5 to 10 wt. % tin on a silica support having from 5 to 20 wt. % calcium metasilicate and from 0.5 to 10 wt. % cobalt. Another exemplary catalyst comprises 0.1 to 3 wt. % platinum, 0.5 to 10 wt. % tin, and 0.5 to 10 wt. % cobalt on a silica support having from 5 to 20 wt. % tungsten. Another exemplary catalyst comprises 0.1 to 3 wt. % platinum and 0.5 to 10 wt % tin on a silica support having from 5 to 20 wt. % tungsten, and 0.5 to 10 wt. % cobalt. Another exemplary catalyst comprises 0.1 to 3 wt. % platinum, 0.5 to 10 wt. % tin, and 0.5 to 10 wt. % cobalt on a silica support having from 5 to 20 wt. % tungsten, 0.5 to 10 wt. % tin, and 0.5 to 10 wt. % cobalt.

In one embodiment, the stack bed process may comprise introducing a feed stream of acetic acid and hydrogen into a stacked bed reactor that comprises a first bed and a second bed to produce a crude ethanol product, wherein the first bed comprises a first catalyst comprising platinum and tin on a first support and the second bed comprises a second catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin of the present invention, recovering ethanol from the crude ethanol product in one or more columns. The acetic acid feed stream may comprise from 5 to 50 wt. % ethyl acetate and from 50 to 95 wt. % acetic acid.

Various other combinations of hydrogenation catalyst may be readily employed with the catalyst comprising the mixed oxide of the present invention. In addition, the order of the catalyst beds in the stack bed configuration may be arranged as needed to achieve ethanol production at high yields.

In addition, the catalyst comprising the mixed oxide of the present invention may be used in a first reactor with a copper containing catalyst in a second reactor that is suitable for converting ethyl acetate to ethanol. The second reactor may comprise a second catalyst that comprises copper or an oxide thereof. In one embodiment, the second catalyst may further comprise zinc, aluminum, chromium, cobalt, or oxides thereof. A copper-zinc or copper-chromium catalyst may particular preferred. Copper may be present in an amount from 35 to 70 wt. % and more preferably 40 to 65 wt. %. Zinc or chromium may be present in an amount from 15 to 40 wt % and more preferably 20 to 30 wt. %.

The second bed that contains a copper catalyst may operate with a reaction temperature from 125° C. to 350° C., e.g., from 180° C. to 345° C., from 225° C. to 310° C., or from 290° C. to 305° C. The pressure may range from 101 kPa to 3000 kPa, e.g., from 700 to 8,500 kPa, e.g., from 1,500 to 7,000 kPa, or from 2,000 to 6,500 kPa. The reactants may be fed to the reactor at a gas hourly space velocities (GHSV) of greater than 500 hr⁻¹, e.g., greater than 1000 hr⁻¹, greater than 2500 hr⁻¹ and even greater than 5000 hr⁻¹.

In one embodiment, the stack bed process may comprise introducing a feed stream of acetic acid and hydrogen into a stacked bed reactor that comprises a first bed and a second bed to produce a crude ethanol product, wherein the first bed comprises a first catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin of the present invention and the second bed comprises a second catalyst comprising copper-containing catalyst of the present invention, recovering ethanol from the crude ethanol product in one or more columns. The acetic acid feed stream may comprise from 5 to 50 wt. % ethyl acetate and from 50 to 95 wt. % acetic acid.

The invention is described in detail below with reference to numerous embodiments for purposes of exemplification and illustration only. Modifications to particular embodiments within the spirit and scope of the present invention, set forth in the appended claims, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art.

The following examples describe the procedures used for the preparation of various catalysts employed in the process of this invention.

Example 1

An aqueous solution of cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate was prepared by dissolving 19.413 g (0.0816 mol) in about 125 mL of deionized H₂O. Separately, an aqueous solution of sodium stannate was prepared by dissolving 21.765 g (0.0816 mol) in about 125 mL of deionized H₂O. The sodium stannate solution was then added to the cobalt chloride solution using a drop funnel over 10 minutes with stirring (10-12 mL/min) at room temperature. Next, 4.6 g of SiO₂ (silica gel, solid) was added to the mixture with stirring, and it was then aged with stirring for 2 hrs at room temperature. The mixture was then aged with stirring for 2 hrs at room temperature. The material was then collected on a Buchner funnel (Watman #541 filter paper), and washed with deionized H₂O to remove the sodium chloride. The filtrate was periodically tested for Cl⁻ (using Ag⁺ solution). Approximately 1 L of deionized H₂O was used until no more chloride could be detected. The solid was then transferred into a porcelain dish, and dried overnight at 120° C. under circulating air. Yield: about 21.6 g of the dried cobalt-tin hydroxo precursor. In order to obtain the anhydrous catalyst comprising cobalt(II) stannate, CoSnO₃, the material was calcined at 500° C. under air for 6 hrs using a heating rate of 3 degree/min. The catalyst contains 80 wt. % of the mixed oxide and is represented by the formula [SiO₂—CoSnO₃(80)].

Example 2

To prepare a catalyst with excess cobalt, the following procedure was used. An aqueous solution of cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate was prepared by dissolving 22.191 g (0.0933 mol) in about 125 mL of deionized H₂O. An aqueous solution of sodium stannate and sodium hydroxide was prepared by dissolving 21.765 g (0.0816 mol) of Na₂SnO₃.3H₂O, and 0.934 g (0.0234 mol) of NaOH in about 125 mL of deionized H₂O. The Na₂SnO₂/NaOH solution was then added to the cobalt chloride solution using a drop funnel over about 10 min with stirring (10-12 mL/min) at room temperature. Next, 4.6 g of SiO₂ (silica gel) was added to the mixture with stirring, and it was then aged with stirring for 2 hrs at room temperature.

All other manipulations were carried out as described above in Example 1. Yield: 26.8 g the dried silica-cobalt-tin hydroxo precursor. In order to obtain the anhydrous catalyst, [SiO₂—Co_(1.14)SnO_(3.28)(80)], the material was calcined at 500° C. under air for 6 hrs using a heating rate of 3 degree/min.

Additional catalysts with excess molar amounts of cobalt were also tested in Example 3 and the amount of cobalt and tin was adjusted accordingly.

Example 3

The catalysts of Example 1 and 2, including catalysts with different molar ratios of cobalt to tin and several other comparative catalysts were tested under the following conditions. The comparative examples used a different metal than cobalt and generally followed a similar preparation as Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.

A test unit having four independent tubular fixed bed reactor systems with common temperature control, pressure and gas and liquid feeds. The reactors are made of ⅜″ 316 SS tubing (0.95 cm), and are 12⅛″ (30.8 cm) in length. The vaporizers are also made of ⅜″ 316 SS tubing, and are 12⅜″ (31.4 cm) in length. The reactors, vaporizers, and their respective effluent transfer lines are electrically heated. The reactor effluents are routed to chilled water condensers and knock-out pots. Condensed liquids are collected automatically, and then manually drained from knock-out pots as needed. Non-condensed gases are passed through a manual back pressure regulator and then scrubbed through water and vented to the fume hood. A volume of 8 to 10 mL of catalyst (3 mm pellets or 8-10 mesh) was loaded to reactor. Both inlet and outlet of reactor are filled with glass beads (3 mm) to form the fixed bed. The following running conditions for catalyst screening were used: [HOAc], 0.092 g/mL; [H₂], 342 sccm ([H₂]/[HOAc]=9.5); T=280° C.; p=300 psig (2170 kPa); 8 or 10 mL of heterogeneous catalyst (3 mm pellets or 8-10 mesh); GHSV=2,268 or 2,835 H⁻¹, 24-200 hrs of reaction time. The conversion and selectivity was measured at 48 hours.

TABLE 2 HOAc Selectivity Catalysts Conversion EtOH EtOAc AcH Acetal Others Present Invention [SiO₂—CoSnO₃(80)] 80% 54%  9% 21% 16%  0.04% [SiO₂—Co_(1.14)SnO_(3.28)(80)] 76% 75%  9%  5% 10%  0.06% [SiO₂—Co_(1.25)SnO_(3.5)(80)] 92% 86%  8%  3%  4%  0.01% [SiO₂—Co_(1.35)SnO_(3.7)(80)] 97% 89%  7%  2%  2%  0.04% Comparative Examples [SiO₂—ZnSnO₃(80)]  7%  4% 65% 16%  0% 15.37% [SiO₂—MnSnO₃(80)]  4%  3% 47% 18%  0% 31.65% [SiO₂—CuSnO₃(80)]  5%  4% 41% 22%  0% 32.35% [SiO₂—FeSnO₃(80)] 11%  1% 14%  8%  0% 76.44% As compared to other mixed oxides, the mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin demonstrate significant improvements in terms of conversion of acetic acid and selectivity to ethanol.

Example 4

The [SiO₂—Co_(1.35)SnO_(3.7)(80)] catalyst was tested under the conditions in Example 3.

On-stream performance and catalyst stability was studied over the first 200 total hours on stream, under at constant reaction conditions. The ethanol concentration in the crude product remained stable around 60 wt. %, and the ethyl acetate concentration also remained largely unchanged at 4 wt. %, from 3.5 to 5.5 wt. %. The acetic acid conversion held steady around 96%. This indicates that the catalyst was stable and there was no deactivation that would lead to decreases in conversion or selectivity.

Example 5

An aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving 27.13 g (114.04 mmol) cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate in about 150 mL of deionized H₂O. Separately, an aqueous solution of sodium stannate was prepared by dissolving 20.27 g (76.02 mmol) and 3.04 g (76.02 mmol) of NaOH in about 150 mL of deionized H₂O. The sodium stannate solution was then added to the cobalt chloride solution using a drop funnel over 10 minutes with stirring (10-12 mL/min) at room temperature. Next, 5.00 g of SiO₂ (silica gel, solid) was added to the mixture with stirring, and it was then aged with stirring for 2 hrs at room temperature. The mixture was then aged with stirring for 2 hrs at room temperature. The material was then collected on a Buchner funnel (Watman #541 filter paper), and washed with deionized H₂O to remove the sodium chloride. The filtrate was periodically tested for Cl⁻ (using Ag⁺ solution). Approximately 1 L of deionized H₂O was used until no more chloride could be detected. The solid was then transferred into a porcelain dish, and dried overnight at 120° C. under circulating air. Yield: about 29.20 g of the dried cobalt-tin hydroxo precursor. In order to obtain the anhydrous catalyst, the material was calcined at 500° C. under air for 6 hrs using a heating rate of 3 degree/min. Yield: about 24.47 g. The material contains 80 wt. % of the mixed oxide and is represented by the formula [SiO₂—Co_(1.5)SnO_(3.5)(80)]. The surface area of this catalyst is 166.3 m²/g. The pore volume is 0.275 mL/g and the catalyst has an average pore diameter of 6.601 nm.

Similar equipment as example 3 and the following running conditions for catalyst screening were used:

TABLE 3 Running Conditions of the Catalyst Performance Test Feed H₂ Reaction Reaction Running Liquid Rate Flow Temperature Pressure GHSV Conditions Feed (ml/min) (sccm) (° C.) (psig) (hr⁻¹) 1 Pure Acid 0.097 513 300 300 3318 2 Pure Acid 0.138 513 300 300 3367 3 Mixed 0.138 513 300 300 3367 Feed

The mixed feed comprised: 69.02% acetic acid, 20.93 wt. % ethyl acetate, 5.8 wt. % ethanol, 2.39 wt. % diethyl acetal, 0.57 wt. % acetaldehyde and 0.65 wt % water. All the mixing reactants were fed into from top of reactor. The crude ethanol product was measured as shown in Table 4 and catalyst performance in Table 5 below. The balance of the compositions in Table 4 is water.

TABLE 4 Liquid Product Effluent Compositions Running AcH DEE Conditions Acetal (wt HOAc Acetone EtOH EtOAc (wt # (wt %) %) (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) %) 1 0.28 1.34 0.57 0.013 60.26  5.35 0.001 2 0.61 1.52 2.95 0.015 56.38  8.54 0.001 3 0.16 1.28 1.66 0.01  49.70 23.43 0.010

TABLE 5 Catalyst Performance with Different Running Conditions Running HOAc EtAc EtOH EtAc EtOH Conditions Conversion Conversion Selectivity Selectivity Productivity # (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1 99.43 0 89.60  8.32 346.26 2 97.05 0 84.27 13.35 484.55 3 97.63 0 93.51  4.89 336.71

Example 6

A series of 9 catalysts with various Sn/Co molar ratios were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation using a pre-shaped silica support (3 mm pellets, SA=250 m²/g; NorPro). The cobalt loading was kept constant at approximately 5.5 wt. % and the tin loading was varied from 0 to 12 wt. %. The impregnation solutions were prepared by first dissolving the indicated amounts of glyoxylic acid in deionized H₂O, then adding the corresponding amounts of tin(IV) acetate, and finally cobalt(II) acetate. The mixtures were stirred for 15 min at room temperature to obtain dark-red homogeneous solutions. The metal solutions were then added to the pre-shaped support in a round-bottomed flask by incipient wetness impregnation. The supports were then dried using a vacuum rotor evaporator (bath temperature 80° C.). The solids were then transferred into a porcelain dish, dried at 120° C. overnight, and finally calcined at 550° C. under air for 6 hours. The specific amounts of starting materials are summarized in Table 6. For each catalyst 5.0718 g of Co(OAc)₂.4 H₂O was used.

TABLE 6 Sn(OAc)₄ Gloyoxlyic H₂O Sn/Co Co Sn Catalysts (g) Acid (mL) (mol/mol) (wt. %) (wt. %) [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)] 0 0 20 0 5.94 0 [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(2.9)] 1.8066 2.3429 17 0.25 5.77 2.9 [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(4.3)] 2.7099 3.5144 16 0.375 5.69 4.29 [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(5.6)] 3.6132 4.6858 15 0.5 5.61 5.65 [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(7)] 4.5164 5.8573 14 0.625 5.53 6.96 [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(8.2)] 5.4197 7.0288 13 0.75 5.45 8.24 [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(9.5)] 6.323 8.2002 12 0.875 5.38 9.48 [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(10.7)] 7.2263 9.3717 11 1 5.31 10.69 [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(11.9)] 8.1296 10.5449 10 1.125 5.24 11.86

The following running conditions for catalyst screening were used: [HOAc], 0.092 g/mL; [H₂], −342 sccm ([H₂]/[HOAc]=9.5); T=280° C.; p=300 psig (2170 kPa); 10 mL of heterogeneous catalyst (3 mm pellets); GHSV=2,268 H⁻¹, 24-50 hrs of reaction time. The catalytic data is summarized in Table 7.

TABLE 7 HOAc Selectivity Catalysts Conversion EtOH EtOAc AcH Acetal Others [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)] 16% 60% 34%  4%  2%  0.4% [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(2.9)] 15% 48% 27% 21%  4% 0.07% [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(4.3)] 21% 44% 26% 24%  6% 0.04% [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(5.6)] 26% 46% 23% 23%  8% 0.02% [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(7)] 27% 51% 27% 16%  6% 0.04% [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(8.2)] 36% 41% 24% 27%  8% 0.03% [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(9.5)] 49% 44% 20% 25% 11% 0.02% [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(10.7)] 46% 52% 21% 18%  9% 0.03% [SiO₂—Co₃O₄(5.5)]—SnO₂(11.9)]^(.) 46% 53% 21% 18%  8% 0.04%

While the invention has been described in detail, modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art. In view of the foregoing discussion, relevant knowledge in the art and references discussed above in connection with the Background and Detailed Description, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the invention and portions of various embodiments and various features recited below and/or in the appended claims may be combined or interchanged either in whole or in part. In the foregoing descriptions of the various embodiments, those embodiments which refer to another embodiment may be appropriately combined with other embodiments as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention. 

1-19. (canceled)
 20. A process for producing ethanol comprising contacting acetic acid and hydrogen in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder, and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin, wherein the total cobalt loading of the catalyst is from 25 to 45 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst.
 21. The process of claim 20, wherein the mixed oxide comprises cobalt(II)-stannate.
 22. The process of claim 20, wherein the mixed oxide is present in an amount from 60 to 90 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
 23. The process of claim 20, wherein the total cobalt loading of the catalyst is from 30 to 40 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst.
 24. The process of claim 20, wherein the total tin loading of the catalyst is from 40 to 65 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst.
 25. The process of claim 20, wherein the total tin loading of the catalyst is from 40 to 55 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst.
 26. The process of claim 20, wherein the catalyst has a molar ratio of cobalt to tin from 2:1 to 0.75:1.
 27. The process of claim 20, wherein the mixed oxide further comprises nickel.
 28. The process of claim 27, wherein the total nickel loading of the catalyst is from 2 to 40 wt. %, based on the total metal content of the catalyst.
 29. The process of claim 20, wherein the catalyst is substantially free of rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and combinations thereof.
 30. The process of claim 20, wherein the catalyst is substantially free of zinc, zirconium, cadmium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and combinations thereof.
 31. The process of claim 20, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of silica, aluminum oxide, and titania.
 32. The process of claim 20, wherein the binder is present in an amount from 5 to 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
 33. The process of claim 20, wherein the binder is present in an amount from 10 to 20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
 34. The process of claim 20, wherein the catalyst has a surface area from 100 m²/g to 250 m²/g.
 35. The process of claim 20, wherein the contacting is performed in a vapor phase at a temperature of 200° C. to 350° C., an absolute pressure of 101 kPa to 3000 kPa, and a hydrogen to acetic acid mole ratio of greater than 4:1.
 36. A process for producing ethanol, comprising contacting acetic acid and hydrogen in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst comprising a binder and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin, wherein the catalyst is substantially free of rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and combinations thereof.
 37. The process of claim 36, wherein the mixed oxide further comprises nickel.
 38. The process of claim 36, wherein the catalyst is substantially free of zinc, zirconium, cadmium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and combinations thereof.
 39. A catalyst for producing ethanol comprising: a binder present in an amount from 5 to 40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the catalyst, and a mixed oxide comprising cobalt and tin, wherein the catalyst is substantially free of rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and combinations thereof. 